TORCH information, Herpes Virus

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Herpesvirus infections are among the most common viral infections in humans. They are spread by oral or genital contact. It is estimated that between one in 1,000 and one in 5,000 infants are born with HSV infections. About 80 percent of these infections are acquired during the birth process itself; the virus enters the infant through its eyes, skin, mouth, and upper respiratory tract. Of infants born with HSV infection, about 20 percent have localized infections of the eyes, mouth, or skin. About 50 percent of infected infants will develop the disease throughout the body (disseminated) within nine to 11 days after birth. Disseminated herpes infections attack the liver and adrenal glands, as well as other body organs. Without treatment, the mortality rate is 80 percent. Even with antiviral medication, the mortality rate is still 15 to 20 percent, with 40 to 55 percent of the survivors having long-term damage to the central nervous system. In order to begin early, effective treatment, it is critical for pediatricians to diagnose HSV infection in newborns as soon as possible.

Performing the TORCH panel requires obtaining a sample of the infant's blood. Samples from infants are usually obtained by the heelstick procedure when only a small quantity of blood is needed. The baby's foot is wrapped in a warm cloth for five minutes to bring blood to the surface and help it to flow more easily. The foot is then sterilized with an alcohol swab and a lancet is used to puncture the baby's heel on one side, avoiding the center of the heel to prevent inflammation of the bone. The blood sample is drawn in tiny capillary tubes, properly labeled, and taken to the laboratory for testing. In rare instances, a phlebotomist is not able to draw sufficient blood from a heel puncture, and a physician may draw venous blood from a femoral vein in the groin area or another vein larger than veins in an infant's arms.

Since the TORCH test is a screening or first-level test, the pediatrician may order tests of other body fluids or tissues to confirm the diagnosis of a specific infection. In suspected cases of toxoplasmosis, rubella, or syphilis, cerebrospinal fluid may be obtained from the infant by spinal tap in order to confirm the diagnosis. A diagnosis of CMV is usually confirmed by culturing the virus in a sample of the infant's urine. In HSV infections, tissue culture is the best method to confirm the diagnosis.

TORCH Information, Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Cytomegalovirus belongs to the herpesvirus group of infections. It can be transmitted through body secretions, as well as by sexual contact; some newborns acquire CMV through the mother's breast milk. In adults, it produces symptoms resembling those of mononucleosis. About 1 to 2.2 percent of newborns in the United States are infected with CMV. Of this group, 10 percent have measurable symptoms. The mortality rate for these symptomatic newborns is 20 to 30 percent. Surviving infants with CMV may suffer from hearing problems (15%) or mental retardation (30%). Newborns who acquire CMV during the birth process or shortly after birth may develop pneumonia, hepatitis, or various blood disorders.

TORCH information, Rubella

Rubella

Rubella is a virus that has a seasonal pattern, with epidemics most likely in the spring. Between 0.1 to 2 percent of newborns are infected with rubella. The rate of fetal infection varies according to the timing of the mother's infection during pregnancy. Birth defects, however, are most likely (85%) in infants infected during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. Infants born with rubella may already show signs of heart disease, retarded growth, hearing loss, blood disorders, vision problems, or pneumonia. They may also develop problems later in childhood, including autism, hearing loss, brain syndromes, immune system disorders, or thyroid disease.

TORCH Information, Other Viruses

Other Viruses (Syphilis)

Syphilis is caused by the spiral- or coil-shaped bacteria (spirochete), Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted among adults through sexual intercourse. About 2 to 5 percent of children born to mothers diagnosed with syphilis have the disease at birth. Syphilis was added to the TORCH panel because of an increase in reported cases after 1990. Syphilis can cause early delivery, miscarriage, and is a potentially life-threatening infection for an affected fetus, often resulting in stillbirth. The mortality rate in infants infected with syphilis is about 54 percent.

TORCH Information, TOXO

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that can be acquired by the mother from handling cat feces, drinking unpasteurized milk, or eating contaminated meat. The infection is carried to the infant through the mother's placenta and can cause impairment of the infant's eyes (opthalmic impairment) and central nervous system (neurological dysfunction). The organism can invade brain or muscle tissue and form cysts. Infection acquired by the mother later in pregnancy usually decreases the likelihood of infection in the infant at birth although eye problems may occur in adolescence. Toxoplasmosis early in pregnancy is more likely to cause miscarriage or serious birth defects. The incidence of toxoplasmosis in newborns is one in 1,000 live births.

Torch Test

The TORCH test, which is sometimes called the TORCH panel, belongs to a category of blood tests called infectious-disease antibody titer tests. This type of blood test measures the presence of antibodies (protein molecules produced by the human immune system in response to a specific disease agent) and their level of concentration in the blood. The name of the test comes from the initial letters of the five disease categories. The TORCH test measures the levels of an infant's antibodies against five groups of chronic infections: toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The "other infections" usually include syphilis, hepatitis B, coxsackie virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, and human parvovirus.

Since the TORCH test is a screening or first-level test, the pediatrician may order tests of other body fluids or tissues to confirm the diagnosis of a specific infection. In the case of toxoplasmosis, rubella, and syphilis, cerebrospinal fluid may be obtained from the infant through a spinal tap in order to confirm the diagnosis. In the case of CMV, the diagnosis is confirmed by culturing the virus in a sample of the infant's urine. In HSV infections, tissue culture is the best method to confirm the diagnosis.

Description

The TORCH panel requires a sample of the infant's blood. Samples from infants are usually obtained by the heelstick procedure when only a small quantity of blood is needed. The baby's foot is wrapped in a warm cloth for five minutes, to make the blood flow more easily. The foot is then wiped with an alcohol swab and a lancet is used to stick the baby's heel on one side. It is important to avoid the center of the heel, in order to prevent an inflammation of the bone.

Pregnancy Symptoms, Signs and Symptoms of Being Pregnant

EARLY PREGNANCY SYMPTOMS

Although a lot of women experience pregnancy symptoms, and find signs of being pregnant, other's don't "feel" pregnant. Certain signs and symptoms of being pregnant can be confused with other illnesses. The following list are some telltale symptoms of pregnancy. Morning sickness is one of the most common signs of being pregnant, but you also might be one of the lucky ones who never experience this pregnancy symptom. Missing a period is another sign and symptom of being pregnant. We'll go into greater detail below, and you can read below.

MISSING A PERIOD

One of the most common signs and symptoms of being pregnant, missing a period can also be caused by other reasons. Although missing a period is one of the most common of the pregnancy symptoms, stress, illness, weight fluctuations or coming off the oral contraceptive pill can also be the cause of this. Irregular periods are a common symptom of polycystic ovary syndrome, a condition in which periods can occur several months apart. If you still feel like you are experiencing other pregnancy symptoms, continue reading the other signs of being pregnant.

TENDERNESS OF THE BREAST

Another sign and symptom of pregnancy is the changing of size and feel of your breast. As early as a few days after conception, this pregnancy symptom may occur. Your breast is beginning to enlarge, as it gets ready for breastfeeding. Many women claim that their breasts are very sensitive and that they experience a very sharp, tingling sensation as well. Being one of the signs and symptoms of being pregnant, the tenderness of the breast often disappears a few weeks later.

NAUSEA AND VOMITING

Considered another one of the classic sign and symptoms of being pregnant, nausea and vomiting, (aka morning sickness) has become one of the most feared of all pregnancy symptoms. Feeling sick is a common complaint and is experienced by most women from weeks 5 to 6 of their pregnancy. However, morning sickness can also be felt as early as two weeks after conception. Morning sickness can occur at any time of the day, and can vary from an occasional faint sensation to overwhelming vomiting and nausea. By and large, morning sickness is one of the pregnancy symptoms that tends to disappear towards the end of the first trimester.

TIREDNESS

Many women experience fatigue as one of their pregnancy symptoms. Although this might be a sign of being pregnant, it can also indicate other things as well.

DARKENING OF THE AREOLA

Being one of the first physical symptoms of pregnancy, the darkening of the areola can occur throughout your entire pregnancy. If you notice the darkening of the areola, this could be considered one of the signs and symptoms of being pregnant.

FREQUENT URINATION

If you experience that you are urinating more frequently, this might be another of the pregnancy symptoms that confirm that you are pregnant. As early as two weeks after conception, you might find yourself experience this pregnancy symptom. The pressure of the literally reducing size of your bladder is the cause of this. Your uterus beings to rise up into the abdomen, and this annoying pregnancy symptom is the result. Rising levels of the pregnancy hormone progesterone stimulate the bladder muscles, so that it feels full, even though you might not need to urinate. Of all of the pregnancy symptoms, and signs of being pregnant, women sometimes find this to be the most annoying.

CHANGES IN TASTE AND SMELL

Don't be surprised if you experience this pregnancy sign and symptom. Many women claim that certain foods make them feel queasy - while others experience a craving for other foods. Another sign of this pregnancy symptom, is a strange metallic taste.

CONSTIPATION

Another of the annoying signs and symptoms of being pregnant, constipation occurs.

CONFIRMING YOUR PREGNANCY

Two weeks after conception, your baby is no bigger than a pinhead, comprised of a few balls of cells. As it begins to develop in the lining of the uterus, the placenta begins to form and produce necessary pregnancy hormones. Below are some ways to confirm that the pregnancy symptoms and signs of being pregnant that you have noticed are accurate, and that you will be having a baby.

HOME PREGNANCY TESTS

Being very accurate, these tests can be purchased at a local drugstore, and can confirm pregnancy by detecting the level of HCG in your urine. Your health care provider may rely on this test, and may only repeating testing if complications arise. If you receive a positive result, you may want to make an appointment with your doctor so that they can confirm you are pregnant and begin follow-up.

OFFICE URINE TEST

Similar to that of a home pregnancy test, and office urine test confirms pregnancy by also detecting the level of HCG in your urine. Being nearly 100% accurate, this test does not require you to urinate first thing in the morning. This type of test also can determine that the signs and symptoms of being pregnant hold true, and that your pregnancy symptoms are right.

PREGNANCY BLOOD TEST

In order to assist dating your pregnancy, your healthcare provider may also perform a pregnancy blood test. This particular pregnancy test can give you a positive or negative result, and once again detects the level of HCG. This time, it detects that level in your blood, and depending on your pregnancy symptoms, helps them determine what kind of care to give you. Pregnancy blood tests are useful if there are any concerns about miscarriage, or if there are indications that an unusual pregnancy is occurring.

INTERNAL EXAM

Four to six weeks after conception, your doctor can receive indefinite proof by examining you internally. Certain signs like the thickening of vaginal tissues and the softening of your uterus will confirm that the pregnancy symptoms are right on! 

Breast Cancer Causes and Treatment

Breast cancer is a type of uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can develop in one of several areas of the breast, including the ducts that carry milk to the nipple, the small sacs that produce milk (lobules) and the nonglandular tissue.Breast Cancer is estimated that 192,200 women and 1,500 men in the United States will be diagnosed with Breast cancer in 2001. Though rare in men, Breast cancer accounts for 31% of all cancer diagnosed in women. Breast cancer is a disease in which cancer cells are found in Breast tissue. There are numerous types of Breast cancer. For example, ductile cancer, found in the cells of the ducts, is the most common type of Breast cancer. Cancer that begins in the lobes or lobules is called lobular cancer. Treatment will depend on the type of Breast cancer and stage of the disease. There are also many non-cancerous (benign) Breast diseases as well. 

Symptoms of Breast Cancer: 
1.A lump or thickening in the breast or under the arm.
2.A clear or bloody discharge from the nipple. 
3.Crusting or scaling of the nipple.
4.Nipples that don't stick out (inverted). 
5.Redness or swelling of the breast. 
6.Dimpling on the breast skin resembling the texture of an orange.
7.A change in the contours of the breast, such as one being higher than the other.
8.A sore or ulcer on the skin of the breast that does not heal. 
Causes of Breast Cancer: 
The exact cause of cancer remains a mystery. Over twenty percent of those who have cancer never know why. The primary parts that are involved are the natural parts of food, tobacco, occupational hazards, genetic composition and food additives. Other agents that have been linked with cancer are ionizing radiation, chemicals in the air and diet, vitamin deficiency, high-fat diet, stress and environmental conditions. 
Diagnosis: 
Biopsy: Used to diagnose tumors, a biopsy tests cells removed surgically or through aspiration for microscopic examination. 
Cytology test: A test that shows the shedding of abnormal cells. A good example of a cytology test is pap smear. 
Imaging techniques: low dose x-rays such as those used in a mammogram can detect early Breast cancer. Ultrasound scanners can also produce images of organs. 
Chemical testing: Detect the presence of blood in the feces or elevated levels of enzyme acid phosphates in the blood. 
Ultrasound: A new ultrasound technique used after a mammogram can help reduce uncertainty about whether a Breast mass is cancerous or not. 
Home Care Suggestions: 
-Avoid tobacco in all forms, synthetic hormones, particularly estrogen, excessive alcohol, caffeine. 
-To minimize hair loss apply cold packs to the scalp while taking radiation or therapy. 
-Engage in mild exercise such as walking and make it part of your daily ritual. 
-If you ever receive a serious diagnosis of any kind, one of the most important things you can do is to free your mind of daily concerns.

BURNS

Burns is tissue damage produced by dry heat. A Scald is damage produced by wet heat.

There are three catagory levels of BURN:

FIRST DEGREE BURNS

1. Outer layer of skin affected.
2. Redness of skin.
3. Pain and swelling eg. sunburn, ,minor scald

TREATMENT :

1. Cool burn area with cold water.
2. Apply dry sterile dressing and bandage loosely.

SECOND DEGREE BURNS

1. Involve the superfisial part of the dermis layer.
2. Skin look raw.
3. Blisters, swealling.

TREATMENT:

1. Burning Stop : Put off the fire by using blanket.
2. Breathing Maintain: Open the Airway, administer oxygen.
3. Body Examine : Check for bleeding, fracture , degree of burn and sign of shock.
4. Cool : Cool body with cold water/ cold compress.
5. Cover : To prevent infection, cover wound with clean cloth.
6. Carry : Transfer to Hospital as soon as possible.

THIRD DEGREE BURNS

1. Involve all layer of skin.
2. Burnt area appears charread and dry.
3. No pain in charred area (nerves destroyed).
4. Shock due to loss of fluids.

TREATMENTS:

1. Cool the burn with water, do not too cool.
2. Administer oxygen for severe or major burn casuality.
3. Cover wound to prevent infection.
4. Reassure the casuality.
5. Send to Hospital soon as possible.

Care of an Unconscious casuality

Treatment:

• Lay the person who unconscious flat on the floor.
• Wear gloves.
• Open airway.
• Check for breathing and circulation.
• Administer rescue breathing or CPR if necessary.
• If breathing administer oxygen.
• Place casuality in recover position (breating and circulation present ).
• Monitor Vital sign.
• Do not give anything by mouth.

RECOVERY POSITON

The purpose of the recovery position is to keep the casualty safe, have the ability to breathe and for any vomit to be able to leave the mouth. 

The recovery position should be used wherever it is thought appropriate by the rescuer, but particularly when the casualty is unconscious and/or likely to vomit.

The position is identical for both adults and children, although a baby cannot be put into it.

If you have not had any Life Support training, you should not attempt other Life Support techniques. However, you could learn to put the casualty into the Recovery Position - this would be safer than leaving the casualty as they are, in most circumstances.

Diabetes

There are two catagories of Diabetes :

Hypoglycaemia ( LOW SUGAR - HIGH INSULIN )

• CAUSES :

1. Too much Insulin in the blood.
2. Excessive exercise.
3. Missed a meal.
4. Emotional and physical stress.

• SIGN AND SYMPTOM:

1. Pale face.
2. Sweating, cold and clammy skin.
3. Tremors.
4. Confused, disorientated, dizziness/ faintness.
5. Anxiety, restless.

• TREATMENT

If conscious, immediately offer sweat drink.

1. Response to the treatment to be repeated within 5 to 10 minutes.
2. Keep casuality confortable.
3. On improvement, follow advice of the casuallity. He/ She is the expert.

Hyperglycaemia ( HIGH SUGAR- LOW INSULIN )

CAUSES:

• Lack of insulin.
• Stress.

TREATMENT:

• This develops very slowly 24 to 48 hours.
• If person does go to unconsciousness and its confirmed Diabetes treat as stated in "Care of an unconscious casuallity ". Put into recovery position.

 read continue to "Care of an Unconscious casuallity ".

Nose Bleed

Causes:

• May result from trauma ( fracture skull from head injury) .
• After blowto the nose, breathing to dry air, and allergies.

Sign and Symtoms:

• Bleeding from the nosestrils.

Treatment:

• Sit casuality down leaning foward.
• Pich the soft fleshy part of the nose for 10 to 15 minutes and release.
• Keep casuality quiet and caution not to blow the nose.
• Monitor vital signs and recurrence of bleeding.
• Advice to see a Doctor

A person with a prolonged nosebleed (greater than 30minutes) should be sent
for Medical Aid

Heart Attack First Treatment

Obstruction in coronary artery caused by blood clot / cholesterol ( fatty tissues )

Signs and Symtom:

1. Severe crushing central chest pain ( sometimes describe as severe indigestion ).
2. Pain in the arm or arms and throat.
3. Pain from front of chest radiate to the back.
4. Difficulty in breathing ( air Hunger ).
5. Blue / cyanosed.
6. profuse sweating.
7. Suddent faintness / dizziness.

Treatment:

1. DRABC (Danger, Respons, Airway, Breathing, Circulation ).
2. Administer Oxygen ( high flow for adult ).
3. Loosen tight clothing at neck or waist.
4. Half sitting position / sit up recline seat.
5. Calm and reassure casuality.
6. Monitor vital signs that is breathing, pulse and level of consiciousness.

what are DRABC prosedures :

Danger :    

• check the area is safe.

Response :

• Shakes shoulders and response.
• If there is no response call for help.

Airway:

• Open airway by head tilt chin lift.
• Suspected head injury , perform jaw Thrust Method.

Breathing:

• Check breathing by look , listen and feel for 10 seconds.
• If there is no brething give 2 rescue of breathe, Ensure there is chest  rise.
• If there is no chest rise reposition head and give another 2 rescue breath. Still there is no chest rise , The casuality is chocking end check for

Circulation:

• Circulation check, No breathing, Movement and Coughing then Commence CPR.
• Begin chest compression 15 times.

Aromatheraphy Benefits

Definition
Aromatherapy is the use of fragrant, concentrated oils from parts of plants, such as their flowers, fruit, stalks, roots, and bark, for the purpose of improving a person's health and well-being.

Purpose
Aromatherapy is a branch of herbal medicine that uses the essential oils found in plants for their healing or medicinal properties. Although its name suggests that it is primarily a form of aroma or smell therapy, the essential oils are, in fact, intended mainly to be absorbed into the body via the skin, through massage, and the lungs, through inhalation. Aromatherapy is widely used to reduce stress, as well as to rejuvenate and detoxify the body. It is also used to treat a wide variety of other conditions.

Precautions
There are several things to be concerned about when using essential oils, in addition to the purity of the oils themselves. Some individuals experience a skin reaction (dermatitis) to certain oils when they are applied, whereas others suffer skin irritation from overuse. More serious are instances in which oils are incorrectly taken internally. Individuals with conditions like high blood pressure or epilepsy should never treat themselves, and young children and pregnant women should be especially careful.

Description
As a holistic therapy, aromatherapy is believed to benefit both the mind and the body. As far back as the time of the Egyptians, fragrant oils were recommended for bathing and massage, and plant fragrances were used against the plague in both ancient and medieval times. However, not until the 1930s was aromatherapy formalized by its advocates as a specialized branch of herbal medicine.

Aromatherapists select particular oils for certain conditions, using a plant's essential oils or aromatic essences, which are the concentrated substances produced by plants for specific purposes such as repelling insects or enemies, storing energy, or attracting pollinating insects. Each oil has its own scent, as well as its own claimed healing characteristics. Some are considered antiseptic, some anti-inflammatory, and others stimulating or relaxing.

These oils enter the body through inhalation and absorption. Inhalation can be as simple as putting a drop of oil on a handkerchief (to promote relaxation) or a few drops into steaming water (to relieve congestion). Massage is the most common form of absorbing the oils directly into the body through the skin, and is considered the most effective method.

A visit to an aromatherapist could last as long as one and a half hours and usually begins with an interview. After the therapist gains an understanding of the patient's concerns and needs, whether for stress relief or a physical condition, the therapist will select a blend of oils and mix them in a neutral carrier like vegetable oil. After the patient undresses and lies on a massage table covered by a towel, the therapist begins the massage. A full massage may last as long as 45 minutes and is usually fairly gentle. For maximum results, the patient may be advised not to shower for a few hours.

Proponents of aromatherapy argue that it works on the mind as well as the body. The body is affected directly, since the tiny molecular structure of the oils allows them to penetrate the skin and be absorbed into the bloodstream. Then, depending on the particular "healing properties" of the specific oil, the oil produces an internal effect that can be diuretic, anti-inflammatory, or antiviral. Other oils support the immune system or energize, pacify, or detoxify the body.
The mind is affected by aromatherapy via the sense of smell. Whether inhaled directly or as a result of the fragrance emitted by an oil massage, the concentrated aroma is said to initiate a complex chain of events within the body. First, the aroma enters the nose and is received by the cilia or fine hairs that are linked to the olfactory nerve, which then transmits its converted, electrical message to the brain itself. This message is received in the limbic system, the more primitive part of the brain, which has been called the "emotional switchboard of the brain." Stimulation of the brain's limbic system is considered a direct pathway to influencing an individual's mood, emotions, and overall alertness. Aromatherapists emphasize that essential oils can affect the chemical activity of the brain and therefore produce both psychological and physical changes. Consultation with a well-trained, skilled aromatherapist may determine the effectiveness of the treatment on specific conditions.

Risks
Essential oils can be dangerously toxic if taken internally. Oils applied externally also can have a powerful, unintended effect, such as producing uterine contractions in a pregnant woman. In general, it is important not to overestimate the healing properties of oils. A physician should be consulted if a critical situation occurs.

Normal results
Certain scents are known to soothe and relax the body and mind. Aromatherapists claim regular relief for patients with physical conditions like headaches and emotional situations like anxiety and irritability.
Aromatherapy is often talked about like it is the next big thing, but in reality the practice of using volatile plant oils and essential oils for various purposes is thousands of years old and has links to ancient Chinese, Egyptian, Greek and Roman customs.

Aromatherapy are the essence of a plant, and there are many different kinds of oils that can be used in aromatherapy for many different uses. For example, one you’ve probably heard of is citronella, which is a natural insect repellent and is often added to candles to be burned outside in order to keep the bugs away.

They can be calming, energizing or sleep inducing, relieve anger, anxiety and depression. They are said to be helpful for arthritis, cramps and bruises and can be used in all sorts of beauty products to increase their effectiveness and fragrance.

Essential oils are useful because of their smells, but some of them have other uses related to the chemical compounds within the oil. To give you an idea of some of the uses of some of the more popular and widely available essential oils, here is a list of five common oils and their uses.

Lavender:
This is one of the most common essential oils and it is said to help all sorts of things, from acne to anxiety, headaches to whooping cough. And it smells good, too, so it is used for fragrance, stress relief and depression.

German chamomile:
You may have heard of chamomile tea for calming and stress relief, but the scent of chamomile essential oil is also effective for this purpose when you don’t have a tea pot and stove handy. Chamomile is also used for stress-related woes such as insomnia and PMS, as well as other ailments including arthritis, insect bites and nausea.

Patchouli:
A great oil for all sorts of skin problems, patchouli also has a deep, earthy smell you might remember for the 1960s. Added to a carrier oil such as almond, avocado or peanut oil (because essential oils are too strong to be applied directly to skin) patchouli oil can be used as a treatment for dry skin, eczema, rashes or athlete’s foot. To make a body-friendly oil out of any essential oil, add five to seven drops of essential oil to one ounce of carrier oil. Add less essential oil if you are particularly sensitive to fragrance or other allergens.

Rose:
Another scent you are sure to find anywhere you shop is rose essential oil. Rose oil is great for stress relief, depression, menopause symptoms and for use with a carrier oil on mature skin. Rose smells wonderful and would be great to use with an oil as a massage oil to use on that special someone (or yourself).

Tea Tree:
One of the essential oils that is showing up in all sorts of skin care products these days is tea tree oil, which is great for acne and a wonderful antiseptic. It can be used on insect bites or anywhere itching is taking place and is also a good treatment for ringworm, athlete’s foot and cold sores.
Of course there are many more oils sold than this selection, but this gives you some idea of the potential uses for these oils. You can find essential oils at health food stores and even some supermarkets. Buy the highest quality, most natural products you can find. If you go to a natural foods store you will likely find someone there you can talk to about your particular ailment who can recommend the right oils to use for your aromatherapy.

You can use essential oils in a variety of ways. For a quick boost, but three or fours drops of oil on a tissue and inhale. You can also add a few drops to two cups of steaming water in a bowl and put your face about a foot from the bowl for a few minutes. This method will also fill the room with the oil’s aroma. You can also place a few drops of oil anywhere there is something smelly in your house (garbage can, laundry room) to cover up the odor. If you add the essential oil to a carrier oil such as almond or olive oil, you can use it for massage purposes or in a bath. Essential oils can also be added to bath salts for extra luxury.

Of course you don’t have to use just one essential oil at a time. If you are using tea tree oil in a facial scrub or other product you will probably want to add another oil to mask the fragrance (lavender is good for this, but there are many other possibilities. You may even be able to find blends at the store where you buy essential oils that are made for particular ailments such as stress relief or depression formulas.

If you want to experiment with your own blending of oils, try some of the following recipes.
For a calming foot rub, add 10 drops of chamomile (German or Roman, though Roman is preferred) and five drops of lavender to one ounce of carrier oil (almond or avocado would be particularly nice). Mix well and give yourself or someone else a foot massage. It could also be used on the person’s hands or back.

An energizing air freshener can be made by combining any number of essential oils for a total of about 30 drops mixed with three ounces of distilled water in a spray bottle. Some combinations include grapefruit and ginger, rosemary and bergamot or peppermint, lemon and frankincense. Mix well and spray around the room for an instant energy boost. A combination of rosemary and lemon would also boost your concentration.

If you’re feeling irritable, why not try a nice long bath with a bath oil made from two ounces of carrier oil and a combination of essential oils adding up to 15 drops. Lavender alone or combined with mandarin or chamomile would be great, or try sandalwood and mandarin. Add about a quarter of an ounce to the bath water; do not use the whole bottle at once. Store in a dark colored bottle in a cool place or in the refrigerator between uses.

To keep your essential oils fresh, store them in a cool, dark place in dark bottles (don’t buy oils if they don’t come in dark brown or blue bottles, as light will have damaged the oil). Ask your doctor before using essential oils on your body if you have chronic health problems or are pregnant. And have fun with this ancient art that’s sure to brighten up (and freshen up) your home.

Hypnosis and Weight Loss

There are many various reasons for which somebody can want to lose the weight, but it is a pretty safe bet that almost everyone will want with at a certain point in some their lives. The hypnosis of loss of weight will create the sensation to you and will look at better, and will increase your self-confidence. An excellent place to be left for the majority the people is to lay down an objective to regularly listen to your session of hypnosis of loss of weight. As in much of other aspects of the life, the key to achieve your goal is located in suitable planning and the execution.

Everyone is different. We all have various life styles, programs and capacities, and it is important that this is maintained in the spirit by approaching the hypnosis of loss of weight. Before you really start to try to lose the weight, you must decide on a realistic plan which is exact for you. The worst thing that you can make is placed a plan it is difficult to realize that. If, for example, you are an extremely occupied relative working, not to create a plan for yourself which requires to listen to your hypnosis 4 of loss of weight time one day, because the chances are you will fail, who will finish only to the top returning you to feel it worse about yourself.

Each attempt at loss of weight should ideally compose of the dietetic changes and an increase in exercise. The hypnosis of loss of weight can make follow a mode much easier than you had imagined but you must make an effort conscious of changing your life style very into a practitioner your sessions of hypnosis.

By looking at your mode, to make research and to propose some healthy ideas of meal which you do not eat normally. To project to eat these new meals systematically. You want to break your plan in as many small stages like possible, so that you provide yourselves many small, realizable goals. For example, you can decide to seek your new meal Monday, to buy the ingredients Tuesday, and to do them Wednesday. Does this not only duplicate work to the top - if you leave it all at one day when it is more probable good will not have you the hour to do it - but it creates a constant direction of achievement. By listening to your Cd of hypnosis of loss of weight or mp3, to think of the changes which you decided to increase the power of the assertions. To also do this personalizes your practice and more firmly concentrates your spirit on your goal.

At least half of the battle with the hypnosis of loss of weight is one of discipline: as a no matter whom who on a diet or mode of exercise will indicate to you, it is easy to begin a mode but to stick hard with it. The worst thing that you can make make of it the hypnosis of loss of weight is to be established for the failure, as it is a cycle which tends to be repeated. While creating and by carrying out a good thought outside and the realistic plan, you give each other an enormous advantage with a your final aim of the loss of weight.

Acupuncture as Alternative Type in Medicine

As acupuncture has become more well-liked over the years, governments have accepted it as a precious form of medicine and ask for regulating it. On one occasion you become knowledgeable concerning acupuncture schools you'll be able to discover the right course or school for you and begin the path to a satisfying career as an acupuncturist. Starting out, one wishes to study how and where you are able to earn a diploma or degree in acupuncture and what it's like to work in the sphere of acupuncture.

Acupuncture school education and training necessities can total from 2500 to 4000 credit hours. You desire to choose for a school whose course emphasizes courses in customary Chinese medicine; acupuncture is only one part of customary Chinese medicine. You are able to call each school you're bearing in mind and inquire to speak to a recruiting counselor to realize the student-to-teacher ratio so you can get lesser classes.

States similar to California have lots of acupuncture schools to select from, whereas Wisconsin, for instance, has just one school; a number of states have nothing at all. Select an acupuncture school that offers a wide library of materials concentrated on traditional Chinese medicine. There are just some acupuncture schools that teach practitioners the five-element Oriental medicine move toward to acupuncture, which is frequently used in combination with customary Western medical practices.

Remember that depending on the school, students may be required to learn herbal medicine or can be offered herbal courses like electives. Make sure with your school - it's significant that you have a broad assortment of study resources obtainable to you so you can have all the literature that is necessary for a wide learning understanding

Dandruff Information

 

We have all seen people with those white flakes on their shoulders, but is it really just dandruff? Is it contagious? Can't they do something about it?.

Seborrhea (dandruff) is a skin disorder that results from neither too little moisture nor too much oil. It is a form of skin inflammation (dermatitis) which has no known cause. This condition can appear at any time from infancy to old age, and can come and go more or less at random. Treatment of seborrhea (dandruff) is directed at fighting the skin inflammation. This is done either directly, by using cortisone-based creams and lotions (which reduce inflammation), or by reducing the yeast that builds up on scaly areas and adds to the problem. Note, though, that dandruff is not a yeast infection.

Seborrhea is not just skin dryness. Actually, the word "seborrhea" means "too much oil." Seborrhea is also known as seborrheic dermatitis or common dandruff.
Seborrhea can present as a variety of conditions such as dandruff, thick scales on the scalp, redness on the face or in the armpits, or raw, red patches below the breasts. Although some of these conditions may feel "dry," moisturizing only makes them redder. In other cases the skin may seem oily or even oily and dry at the same time.

Who gets dandruff?

• About 2-5% of the population have this condition
• Adults and infants (in the first three months)
• Adults usually show signs in their 25's to 60's, but sometimes earlier
• A type of dandruff is seen in those with HIV disease and is very common in people with  neurological conditions like Parkinson's        
• It is more common if you are obese
• It is more common if you have rosacea, and possibly, acne
• You are more likely to get it if you live in a cold, dry climate
• Sometimes you also get redness and scaling on your eyelid (This condition is called blepharitis).
• Sometimes it's difficult to distinguish dandruff from scalp psoriasis in its early stages

Causes

• Some individuals have an increase in oiliness of the skin
• Dandruff is known to be increased with stress
• Some drugs, such as cimetidine and gold, may be risk factors
• Heavy drinking of alcohol can be a trigger About half of the patients have an increase in Pityrosporum yeasts on the involved skin. This yeast is a normal inhabitant of the skin
• Dandruff is not infectious, nor can you give it to any one else.

Treatment

There are a number of different types of medicated shampoos. These can be used to control dandruff on your scalp, face and trunk. They can be used daily, although 2-3 times a week is usually sufficient. Contact time with the scalp is ideally 5 minutes.

There are all different types of medicated shampoos, each with a different ingredient:
• Zinc pyrithione (i.e. Head and Shoulders)
• Salicylic acid (i.e. Sebcur)
• Tar shampoos (i.e. T-Gel)
• Ketoconazole (i.e. Nizoral)
• Selenium sulfide (i.e. Selsun)
• Ketoconazole (i.e. Nizoral)

If the shampoo doesn't control the dandruff on your face, a cream is probably required like hydrocortisone cream (which can be bought without a prescription at a concentration of 0.5%), anti-yeast cream (sometimes used in combination with a mild cortisone cream) or a 15% propylene glycol cream. Antifungal pills can be prescribed to reduce dandruff if it is severe. A new generation of treatments called immunomodulators, which are prescription creams and ointments, have been shown to help. These reduce the inflammatory reaction in the skin and are sometimes used to treat this condition.

If dandruff can't be controlled using over the counter treatments, it is best to see your doctor to determine whether or not it is actually dandruff and how it should be best treated.

The Best Ways To Quit Smoking

Smoking is yet one of the leading preventable causes of disease. Smoking affects just about every region of your system from your lungs to your eye, and still your kidneys and liver. The biggest risks for smokers are lung cancer and emphysema. People who stop lean to slip into three categories: folk who woke upward one day and stop; folk who arrest a cool and look overly sick to smoke for a few days, so hold it upward; and folk given an ultimatum by a physician. Quitting smoke is a procedure that requires cautious preparation, bravery, discipline, and dedication. There are many techniques that will assist you stop the habit.

Deep breathing perhaps phe single most powerful and important technique quit smoking. Drink lots of water and fluids to help flush out the nicotine and other poisons from your body. Natural methods include acupuncture cessation smoking treatments and hypnosis. Hypnotherapy method is moderately effective in giving up smoking. The smoker, willingly subjects him or herself to a hypnosis session. Medications such are Wellbutrin are also known to help cut down on cigarette cravings. Smoking measure to boost up your war against nicotine may ultimately result in your failure to induce smoking cessation.

Medicines as well as a proper approach are the ultimate requirement which would further pave your way out of the vicious circle of smoking addiction. Other quit smoking techniques when your quit date arrives, throw out anything that reminds you of smoking. Nicotine replacement therapies come in many different forms: skin patches, gum, sprays and inhalers. They have small amounts of nicotine in them and can help take the edge of cravings. Acupuncture is based on traditional Chinese healing. It uses needles to stimulate energy points in the body. Acupuncture is promoted as a way to reduce cravings.

Withdrawal symptoms in people who quit smoking. Zyban is a prescription antidepressant drug that can reduce the urge to smoke in some people. It is most effective in helping people quit when it is combined with other quit methods like counselling. Do your very best to stay away from alcohol, sugar and coffee the first week or longer, as these tend to stimulate the desire for a cigarette. Avoid fatty foods, as your metabolism will slow down a bit without the nicotine. You can solicit quit smoking support from the American Lung Association. They provide smokers with free literature, and they also sponsor support groups all over the country.

SMOKING EFFECT

Effects of tobacco smoke

Tar in cigarettes coats the lungs and can cause lung and throat cancer in smokers. It is also responsible for the yellow–brown staining on smokers' fingers and teeth.
Carbon monoxide in cigarettes robs the muscles, brain and blood of oxygen, making the whole body — especially the heart — work harder. Over time this causes airways to narrow and blood pressure to rise, and can lead to heart attack and stroke. High levels of CO, together with nicotine, increase the risk of heart disease, hardening of the arteries and other circulatory problems. A first-time smoker will often feel dizzy and sick.

‘Light’ or ‘low tar’ cigarettes
Research has shown that there is little difference between the amount of chemicals inhaled by people who smoke ‘light’ or ‘low tar’ cigarettes and those who smoke regular cigarettes. People who smoke ‘light’ cigarettes have the same risk of developing smoking-related diseases as people who smoke regular cigarettes.

Immediate effects
Soon after smoking tobacco, the following effects may be experienced:
initial stimulation, then reduction in brain and nervous system activity;
Enhanced alertness and concentration;
Mild euphoria;
Feelings of relaxation;
Increased blood pressure and heart rate;
Decreased blood flow to body extremities like the fingers and toes;
Dizziness, nausea, watery eyes and acid in the stomach; and
Decreased appetite, taste and smell.

Long-term effects
The principal diagnoses are cancer, heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Passive smoking
Passive smoking can cause a number of health problems including heart disease, lung cancer and irritation of the eyes and nose. It involves breathing in tobacco smoke from other people's cigarettes: smoke that has been exhaled or smoke from the end of a lit cigarette.

Tolerance and dependence
People who use tobacco tend to develop a tolerance to the effects of the nicotine in the tobacco very quickly. This means they need to smoke more and more in order to get the same effect.With repeated use of tobacco, the risk of dependence on nicotine is high. Dependence on nicotine can be physiological, psychological or both.
People who are physically dependent on nicotine find their body has become used to functioning with the nicotine present and may experience withdrawal symptoms when they reduce their nicotine intake.
People who are psychologically dependent on nicotine may find they feel an urge to smoke when they are in specific surroundings, such as at the pub, or in particular situations such as during their lunch break or socializing with friends.
Research has shown that smoking is often associated with different roles and meanings for smokers, including the following.
Social roles, such as enjoyment of the company of friends, the drinking of coffee or alcohol, and promoting social confidence and feelings of independence (particularly for young women).
Emotional roles — caring for the self, such as helping to deal with stress and anxiety, weight control and providing ‘companionship’.
Temporal roles, such as connecting the flow of events or time in the smoker's day, providing a break from work or activities and relieving boredom.
This may be why smoking is sometimes referred to as the most difficult drug to give up.

Withdrawal
If a person who is dependent on the nicotine in tobacco suddenly stops using it or reduces the amount they use, they will experience withdrawal symptoms because their body has to readjust to functioning without the drug.Most of these symptoms will disappear within days or weeks of quitting smoking, but cravings may persist for years after stopping using tobacco.

Symptoms include:
Cravings;
Irritability, agitation, depression and anxiety;
Insomnia and disturbed sleeping patterns;
Increased appetite and weight gain;
Restlessness and loss of concentration;
Headaches;
Coughing and sore throat;
Body aches and pains; and
Stomach and bowel upsets.

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Sexually Transmitted Infection

A sexually transmitted infection is an infection that you catch whilst you have sexual intercourse. You can also catch some infections through kissing and touching and these are ‘sort of’ sexually transmitted infections. There are also some infections which can be caught during having sex but can also be caught in other ways – like ‘thrush’ (candida).

Gunk or blood coming out of the end of your penis – think gonorrhea, non-specific urethritis or chlamydia
Warty lumps on your penis or near it – think genital warts
Painful sores or blisters on your penis or near it – think herpes
An itchy penis with a red tip – think thrush.
Itchy scrotum and pubic hair – think crabs.


Easy ways to help know if you’ve got a Sexually Transmitted Infection and if you are a Girl:
If your vaginal discharge goes thick
gooey
smelly
itchy
a different colour
into overdrive

...then you might have thrush or trichomoniasis.
If it hurts to pee, then think cystitis – but it could be thrush
If you get wart lumps around your vagina – think genital warts.
If your vagina itches or gets sore – think thrush.

Remember if you have one STI you could have others as well as they tend to hunt in packs. Watch out for Chlamydia, as 90% of women who have it don’t know. And always be wary of AIDS.

(The clap)/Gonorrhea

 Pus drips out the top of your penis. Women can get a horrid greenish discharge from their vagina, though up to 80% show no symptoms. If it’s not treated, it may gum up your tubes and stop you having babies.
It’s caused by

Having sex – including oral sex (which may give you a sore throat) – with someone who’s got the gonorrhea bacteria.
How not to get it


First – always use a condom. If you are a girl don’t sleep with any bloke who has a weeping willie. If you are a bloke don’t sleep with a girl who has any kind of funny discharge. But as you can’t always tell about either of these things – it is going to be a condom!
What to do if you do get it

Head for the doctors - or your local genito-urinary clinic (GUM). You’ll both need treatment with antibiotics (penicillin).


(NSU)/Non-specific Urethritis
 

Boys - your penis hurts, especially when you pee.
Girls – it can hurt when you pee
It’s caused by

Having sex with someone who’s carrying various bacteria like chlamydia or trichomonas. The bugs hang round for a bit and then make your urethra (pee tube) inflamed and sore.
How not to get it

Don’t have sex with someone carrying the bug. But as it’s almost impossible to know who has it – be safe and use a condom.
What to do:

Lads - it’s very important to get this sorted. If you pass chlamydia on to another girl, it could make her unable to have babies. Go to the doctor and get some antibiotics for both of you.

Girls – get this sorted urgently as it may interfere with you having babies. Head for the doctors.

Chlamydia
 
It may feel like you are peeing barbed wire.
Some girls get a yellowish discharge and feel itchy round the vagina
Some men get a white cloudy droplet coming out of their penis.
BUT: many women don’t feel anything at all. Up to 1 in 10 young women have it, and 90% of them don’t know, because they don’t feel anything. At least 25% of men have no symptoms from it either.
It’s caused by

Having sex (vaginal or anal) with someone who has the chlamydia bacteria. It can even be passed on by fingering or touching someone’s genitals. Once infected a person stays infected until they are treated.
How not to get it

Don’t have sex with anyone who’s got it – but use a condom anyway as it is impossible to know.
What to do if you do get it or are worried that you might have it

Head for your doctor’s, or your local Genito-Urinary Medicine (GUM) clinic at a hospital. You can find the address in the phone book. You need to get it sorted because it can damage your chances of ever having children.

Genital Warts 

You get warts on your privates, which look horrible.
It’s caused by

Having sex with someone who has genital warts as well. They come from a virus called the Human Papilloma Virus. In all there are over 40 different types of this virus – some of which cause warts on your fingers and verrucas on your feet, and others which can cause cancer of the cervix (neck of the womb). They’ re all different, though – finger warts don’t give you genital warts. Though some strains of genital warts are linked to cervical cancer, they are not the genital sort you see on the outside of the genitals
How not to get it

If it’s got warty lumps on it, don’t sleep with it. Though it can be difficult to tell if they’re inside the girl. Always use a condom.
What to do if you do get it

The doctor will give you a special paint which makes the warts drop off.

Genital Herpes 

You get little red spots round your penis or vagina. These turn into little clear blisters. These then pop and leave you very sore (just like cold sores). The first time you get it, you usually feel pretty ghastly. In some people it comes back in various strengths – you might feel awful again or not notice at all.
It’s caused by

Having sex with someone who has the herpes simplex virus lurking in their body.
How not to get it

If you see someone with blisters down there, don’t have sex with them – or at least use a condom.
What to do if you do get it

Go see your doctor or local Genito-Urinary Medicine clinic and get checked out. They won’t tell anyone that you have been.

Q: What’s the difference between love and herpes?
A: Herpes lasts forever.

You can’t cure herpes. It goes away and then comes back, hiding out, in between, in your nerves. Eighty percent of women get reoccurrences. But your doctor can give you something which makes it come back less, and hurt less.

Thrush

Thrush is caused by a yeast called ‘Candida Albicans’ and is also known as also known as ‘yeast infection’, ‘candida’, or ‘monilia’.
How you get it

Your skin, including your vagina and penis, and inside your mouth may normally have a mixture of different bugs including yeasts living there and causing you no trouble. However sometimes these yeasts start multiplying and make that part of the skin where they are – penis, vagina, mouth – very itchy. A very common reason for this happening is when you take antibiotics which kill of some of the normal bacteria on your skin and because these are killed off it allows the yeasts to grow (yeasts are not normally killed off by antibiotics). People with diabetes are also more likely to get thrush because the yeasts like the sugar that is in the urine of people with diabetes.

So you can see from this that you don’t need to have sex in order to get thrush! But it can also happen as a result of having sex.

Your penis or vagina gets really itchy and sore. A woman’s discharges go lumpy like cottage cheese.

It’s very common and easy to sort out.

It’s caused by:
A yeast called Candida albicans running wild inside you. Infected yeasts can be passed on through sex, or it can happen when your insides are out of balance from:
taking antibiotics
having diabetes
being generally unwell

It’s very common and easy to sort out.
What to do

If there is any risk that you got this by having sex - see your Doctor as you ought to get checked out for other sexually transmitted infections.

If it is the first time you think that you have thrush - go to the Doctor to check out that that is what it is.

If it's not the first time, and you know what it is, then go to the pharmacist and buy a cream. Canesten is the most popular. If it doesn’t clear up after a few days, go and see your doctor. He or she won’t tell anyone else – not even your mum. Sometimes girls need to use a special sort of tablet called a ‘pessary’ which she puts into her vagina, or a tablet that needs to be swallowed.

If it keeps coming back, try to avoid nylon undies and tight trousers – just to keep the temperature down there nice and cool.

Crabs

 Your balls / pubic area get incredibly itchy.
It’s caused by

Pubic lice which are not absolutely the same as head lice, as they seem to like your pubic rather than your head – hair. Left untreated, they will just breed and breed.

The lice look like little crabs, are nearly transparent and a bit smaller than the head of a match; and the eggs on the hair are pinhead-sized and flesh-coloured.
How not to get it

Don’t sleep with anyone who scratches down there a lot as they are a sexually transmitted infection.
What to do if you do get it

Nip to the pharmacy and buy some special anti crab lotion. Check out ‘what’ with your local pharmacist – they won’t be embarrassed or embarrassing. That should stop you feeling lousy (ho ho). You should also get checked out for other sexually transmitted infections at your local young people’s clinic or your family doctor.


Cystitis - What is cystitis?
 
You’re desperate to pee all the time but it feels like you’re peeing fire.
Your pee may look cloudy or red (with blood)
It’s caused by
Bacterial germs
Other infections (like thrush)
Allergies
Friction during serious bonking
Friction from frequent masturbation
How not to get it

If you get it and you haven’t had sex, try changing your soap or, if you are a girl, stop using any vaginal deodorant – you might be allergic to it.

If you are getting it after having sex (and you have been checked for a sexually transmitted infection), make sure you and your partner wash before and afterwards; try peeing before and afterwards; drink a glass of water with a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda in it. Girls can try a lubricant if their vagina is dry.
What to do

Make sure that you get checked for a sexually transmitted infection.

In order to help clear it up you can try some of the following:

Drink a lot of water with a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda in each glass. Cranberry juice and lemon barley water are also good! This flushes out the bugs.

Drink some more water/cranberry juice/lemon barley water

Take a paracetamol

Drink more water/cranberry juice/lemon barley water.

Curl up with a hot water bottle.

If you’re still having trouble after a day or two, go to see your doctor as you might need antibiotics.

Information About Braces

Braces can improve appearance, improve health, make beautiful.
Braces are an orthodontic device used to straighten teeth and align the jaw properly.
Children should have a checkup for braces once they are seven years old
a long way in recent years and today, braces work faster and are less invasive than they once were

Braces are one of the things you can do for your kids to insure their health throughout their lifetime. Surveys have indicated that people who have had braces look better and feel better about themselves. They live longer and have a statistically lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

Braces For Children

Although braces is a subject commonly thought to apply to teenagers, it is important for children to have an orthodontic check up by age 7. By examining the mouth while your child still has his or her baby teeth, an orthodontist can see problems with jaw growth and tooth alignment that can possibly be prevented or easily fixed. For some children, braces can be a two step process. For example younger children may benefit from getting treatment before their secondary teeth come in. For instance, if your child’s mouth is too small for all of his or her teeth, an orthodontist might be able to rectify the situation with a palatal expander to widen the jaw, to prevent having to have teeth pulled later on. Then, when secondary teeth come in, he or she can get braces.

Some kids can't wait to get braces. Others are a little worried about what it will be like or how they will look. It can help to learn more about braces, which straighten your teeth and make your smile even better looking.

Reasons to See an Orthodontist

Aside from having your child screened by an orthodontist by age 7 as a precaution, you should definitely see an orthodontist if you observe any of the following:
Your child has trouble chewing or swallowing.
He or she has lost their baby teeth early or late.
He or she breathes mostly through the mouth.
Your child sucks his or her thumb or fingers.
His or her jaw makes sounds.
His or her top and bottom teeth touch at unusual angles.
Your child’s top and bottom teeth don’t touch at all.
his or her teeth seem out of proportion with his or her face.

The cost ranges from $1,800 to $4,500, depending on the treatment's length and complexity. At an initial consultation, the orthodontist will perform a thorough exam of your child's teeth and jaw, taking X-rays and impressions

Braces for Adult

Braces aren't just for teenagers – it’s never too late to improve your dental health and beautify your smile. About 1 million Americans over the age of 18 wear braces. Your general dentist can help you determine if orthodontic treatment is the right option for you. Your general dentists may even be able to treat your orthodontic problems. You can also request an evaluation and receive treatment from an orthodontist, a specialist in diagnosing, preventing and treating improper alignment of the teeth.
Some adults never received orthodontic treatment as children to correct problems such as crooked or crowded teeth, overbites and underbites, incorrect jaw position or jaw joint disorders. Left untreated, these problems may result in tooth decay, gum disease, headaches and earaches, as well as speaking, biting or chewing problems.
Braces can provide adults the same benefits children receive. However, treatment may take longer than it does for children. The average adult wears braces for 18 months to three years. As with children, adults may need to wear a retainer to maintain the results of treatment after braces are removed.

The cost of braces depends on the type you select. On average, metal braces cost $5,000 to $6,000. Keep in mind that your out-of-pocket costs will likely be higher if you choose non-metal braces. Check your Evidence of Coverage, Summary Plan Description or Group Dental Service Contract to see if your dental plan covers orthodontic treatment for adults. You should also ask your dentist to submit a pre-treatment estimate (also called a predetermination) to your dental plan so you can find out in advance what your out-of-pocket costs will be.


Life With Braces

It is always best to visit an orthodontist, rather than a regular dentist, even though regular dentists may offer braces. Orthodontists have advanced and specialty training where a dentist has not.

A common misconception is that it is visibly obvious that a child will need braces. This isn’t always the case. 45 percent of children need braces to fix a functional problem (like an overbite or under bite or crooked teeth). However 75 percent of children could benefit from them to improve the shape of their faces or future issues such as TMJ (temporomandibular joint ) problems. Braces can serve many other purposes besides straightening crooked teeth.

Another common misconception is that braces take a long time to do their job. It just isn’t so with today’s developments. Braces take much less time today thanks to the improvement of technology and recent educational developments. Also, braces do not have to be as “unsightly” as they once were. Today colored braces are popular as well as clear models which are hardly visible at all. Certain kinds of braces can also be fitted in the back of teeth so that they aren’t readily visible.


Braces Improve Your Health

You will be able to chew your food better.

Chewing is the first step in digestion. If your teeth are not straight, you will not be able to chew your food correctly so partially unchewed food will go down to your stomach. That can give you an upset stomach

You will avoid dental problems.

If you do not get orthodontic treatment when you need it you will have problems with your teeth for years to come; your teeth will be hard to clean. Your gums will hurt. Your teeth will wear in ways that the should not. The effects are significant enough that many adults are now going back to the orthodontist for braces.

You may avoid developing a breathing problem.

As you get older the roof your mouth can sometimes partially block the air passages in your nose. That makes you snore loudly, and may contribute to a condition called "sleep apnea". If you get braces you can avoid this possibility.

Kinds of Braces

Braces come in lots of different sizes and colors.

First there are old fashioned braces. Old fashioned braces are big and clunky. They can cut your lips, and are generally uncomfortable.

Metal or "traditional" braces: These come in different colors, even gold-plated versions. They are the least expensive type of braces and are widely available. One benefit is that they are strong and rarely break, which means fewer time-consuming visits to the doctor. Staining is not a problem. "Speed" braces, which involve a special type of bracket that locks onto the wire, are up to 40% faster and are more hygienic than regular versions since elastic bands normally used to attach the wire to the tooth bracket are eliminated. However, speed braces are more expensive and not as widely available yet.

Then there are modern braces. Modern braces are smaller and more comfortable than old fashioned braces. They have what is called a low profile design, which is less irritating to your lips. They also have special contours to make your orthodontic treatment go faster and be less painful.


Ceramic or "tooth-colored" braces: Although they appear to blend into the teeth, these braces can eventually become discolored from wine or coffee. They are more comfortable than metal braces, and are usually attached to teeth that show—the uppers or upper fronts. These are available as speed braces as well.


Invisible braces or "clear" braces: If patients choose to use these removable plastic trays to correct crooked teeth, they must be disciplined about wearing each tray in the series for the prescribed amount of time in order to get the best results. Food can’t get stuck between teeth with this form of orthodontics since no brackets or wires are used. Invisalign® usually takes about as long to work as ceramic or metal braces, except in patients with severe problems, but this method can be more expensive. It usually requires fewer doctor’s visits. Used to correct slight or moderate misalignment, orthodontists are increasingly following treatment with ceramic braces in more severe cases.


Lingual braces: These are braces, usually metal, that sit behind the teeth, on the tongue side. Although they are not visible, they may interfere with talking and are more expensive than other kinds of braces.

There are two main types of braces for your teeth

Fixed braces or “train tracks”
These have small squares of metal with grooves and are stuck to the tooth. The wires which are put in to the grooves help move the teeth into the right position.

Removable braces
These can be taken in and out of the mouth. They have a base made out of acrylic, which can be see-through or pink. Attached to the base are wires to hold it in position and springs to move the teeth.


How Braces Work

Braces act like magnets for food, so you need to keep your teeth especially clean while you have them on. You'll want to brush after meals and be extra careful to get out any food that gets stuck in your braces. Your orthodontist also may give you a special flosser you can use to floss in and around your braces. When your orthodontist changes your wires, ask if you can do a quick floss (it'll be easier without the wires).

You won't have to go on any special diet when you have braces, but you'll want to avoid some foods that are problems for braces. Stay away from popcorn, hard and sticky candy, and especially gum. Sugary sodas and juices can cause a problem, too, because the sugar stays on your teeth and may cause tooth decay. You can have these drinks, but be sure to brush afterward.

Because braces put pressure on your teeth, you might feel uncomfortable once in a while, especially after the orthodontist makes adjustments. If you have pain, ask your mom or dad to give you a pain reliever.

If you ever have a loose wire or bracket, or a wire that is poking you, you should see the orthodontist right away to get it taken care of. If your orthodontist can't find a problem, he or she may give you some soft wax that you can stick on the bracket that's bothering you. Then it won't rub against your mouth.

So braces can be inconvenient, but lots of kids have them and they are definitely worth the trouble. When will you know for sure? On the day your braces are removed and you can see your new and improved smile!

Information About Abortion

Abortion is one of the most common medical procedures performed in  each year. More than 40% of all women will end a pregnancy by abortion at some time in their reproductive lives.

While women of every social class seek terminations, the typical woman who ends her pregnancy is either young, white, unmarried, poor, or over the age of 40.

Abortion Preparation

History

Most abortions are performed after your health care provider takes a brief and targeted medical history. You will be asked questions about prior pregnancies and any treatment or care during the current pregnancy. You will be asked about any diseases or conditions that affect your reproductive organs, such as sexually transmitted infections.

The provider will ask whether you have a history of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, bleeding disorders, or surgery (on your ovaries or uterus, for example). If you have active medical problems, you may need to be stabilized before an abortion or have the procedure performed in a facility that can handle special medical problems.

If there are known problems with the fetus, such as severe brain abnormalities that will either not allow the fetus to live, and if these problems are known through diagnostic testing, the woman may choose to end the pregnancy with abortion.

The most common problems with the fetus encountered in abortion counseling include major system development failures and problems that cannot be repaired dealing with the heart, nervous system, spine, brain, abdomen, kidneys, and breathing and digestive systems.

Physical

A brief physical examination is usually performed before an abortion. The focus is on determining when your pregnancy began and checking for sexually transmitted disease and whether you are healthy enough to undergo the procedure.

Lab tests

Pregnancy tests are used to confirm that you are pregnant. Home tests are reliable, so providers will accept these results in some cases. Blood will be tested for sexually transmitted diseases and for hepatitis. Urine may be checked to see if you have a urinary tract infection.

Imaging studies

An ultrasound is virtually always dome for pregnancy confirmation and dating. Doctors are looking for how many fetuses may be developing, the size of the fetus or fetuses, a picture of the uterus and ovaries, and to rule out a problem such as an ectopic pregnancy (a life-threatening condition in which the fetus develops outside the uterus).

Medications

Your health care provider may give you antibiotics as a precaution against infection. Antibiotic use for the procedure is usually given the day of the procedure and for the next day or two.

Procedures

Once your pregnancy has been confirmed, and the doctor knows how many weeks along the pregnancy is, and you have decided to end the pregnancy, the procedure offered typically reflects your stage of gestation. Early abortions can be accomplished medically or surgically, but most facilities do not have the protocols established or personnel with the technical ability to offer medical abortions (with pills). Therefore, most abortions are performed surgically Also known as a D&C

During the first trimester of your pregnancy, abortion can be done through medical or surgical abortion procedure. Remember that medical abortion works efficiently only up to nine weeks of your pregnancy.

The medical abortion procedure is performed using drugs such as misoprostol alone, methotrexate and misoprostol, mifepristone and misoprostol.

The medical abortion procedure using the combination of methotrexate and misoprostol is generally prescribed till the first seven weeks of pregnancy.

However, the drugs mifepristone and misoprostol are prescribed till the seven to nine weeks of pregnancy. The medical abortion is 95% effective in terminating a pregnancy.

On the other hand, a surgical abortion procedure called Suction Aspiration, also known as vacuum aspiration, is used to empty the uterus during the first trimester of your pregnancy.

During second trimester, medical abortion procedure is ineffective to end your pregnancy.

Surgical abortion such as Dilation and Curettage (D&C), Dilation and Evacuation (D&E), and Induction Abortion are used during the second trimester. It is to be noted that surgical abortion procedure is usually done under local anesthesia.

Dilation and Curettage is also known as suction curettage. It is generally preferred between 13-15 weeks of pregnancy.

Dilation and Evacuation is also known as D&E. It is used to empty the uterus between 15-21 weeks of your pregnancy.

Induction Abortion is a rare surgical abortion procedure, which makes use of substances such as salt water (saline), urea, or potassium chloride to inject into the amniotic sac to start uterine contractions and terminate pregnancy.

Prostaglandins are introduced into the vagina for uterine contractions and to empty the uterus. On the other hand, Oxytocin (pitocin) is injected intravenously (in to the veins) to empty the uterus.

Medical abortion procedures are not used during third trimester. However, surgical abortion procedures such as Induction Abortion, Dilation and Extraction are used for terminating your pregnancy.

As said earlier, Induction Abortion terminates your pregnancy through medications. The medications make uterine contractions and eject the uterine contents through the cervix.

Dilation and Extraction (D&X), also known as partial birth abortion, is a third trimester surgical abortion procedure in which the fetus is removed from the uterus through the cervix. It is preferred between 24-36 weeks of pregnancy.

Know about the above facts of abortion and select the safe procedure.

Risk of Abortion

For most of the women abortion is not just medical procedure, but it is considered as life changing event, which can bring significant physical, emotional, and spiritual consequences.

Apart from being a simple medical procedure, it has considerable risks involved with it. Some of the significant abortion risks are discussed below.

Significant risks involved in abortion:

Heavy bleeding: Bleeding after the abortion procedure is quite common. But if your cervix is torn or punctured then it can lead to heavy, abnormal bleeding. This kind of severe bleeding after abortion is known as hemorrhaging. Only in some cases, this kind of abortion risk needs surgery.

Infections: Any fetal part left inside the womb (abnormal or incomplete abortion) can cause infections for your pelvic parts. These infections can also be caused due to the surgical instruments which are inserted into the uterus during the surgery. The pelvic infection can be identified with persistent fever.

Incomplete abortion: Some times the abortion can be incomplete with some unwanted fetal parts left inside the uterus. This can lead to severe complications after the abortion.

Perforation of the uterus:The major risk in abortion is puncturing or perforation of the uterus. This can be due to improper use of surgical instruments during the surgery. This kind of risks in abortion can lead to hysterectomy that is removal of uterus.

Damage to internal organs:

The surgical procedure involved in abortion has many complications. During the surgery, the surrounding organs near the uterus can be injured. This is also one of the major factors of abortion risks.

Scars on the uterus lining: Because of suction tubing, curettes and the use of other surgical instruments there is a chance for permanent scars on uterus lining.

Cervix injury: Cervix puncture is a considerable risk in abortion. Damage or injury to cervix can cause severe vaginal bleeding which in turn needs a surgical repair.

Anesthesia: There are several complications involved with the use of general anesthesia during the surgery. It can cause heart attack, convulsion in body functions and in some rare cases it can lead to death.

Other significant abortion risks:

 Breast cancer: This is considered as major risk in abortion. About 50% of women are affected by this type of cancer after abortion.

Premature delivery: When you go through one or more induced abortion surgeries, there is a significantly increased risk of premature delivery in future. This kind of abortion risk is mainly associated with several complications like cerebral palsy, prematurity in brain, eye problems and several bowel diseases.

Infertility: This is a very rare case in the risks of abortion, where a woman might not get pregnancy in future.

Pelvic inflammatory diseases: This can be a life threatening risk for you after abortion, which can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. About 5% of women suffer with pelvic inflammatory diseases.

Psychological effects of abortion:

Many women suffer with emotional and psychological problems after experiencing abortion. Some of these problems are depression, acute feeling of grief and fear of disclosure, eating disorders, suicide tendencies, anxiety and also increased consumption of alcohol and drugs.

These are some of the risks involved in abortion. So think before you go for an abortion surgery. Avoid abortion, unless and until it is obligatory in terms of your health.

A NINE MONTH PREGNANCY

The total period of pregnancy can be divided into three trimesters.Each trimesters consists of three months.In the first trimester, the developing baby is called EMBRYO and thereafter it is reffered to as FETUS.From the second trimester,the fetus acquires a human shape and its growth becomes rapid.It is during this trimester,that pregnancy becomes evident and the mother experiences the first movements.The organs of the baby mature during the third trimester and overall fetal growth continues till the baby is delivered.

How does the fetus grow during the nine months of pregnancy?

FIRST MONTH:

Heart, digestive system, nervous system, backbone and spinal cord have begun to form
Placenta (also called "afterbirth") has begun to develop
The fertilized egg is now 10,000 times bigger than it was at conception

By the end of the first month,the embryo is about 1/10 of an inch long.The heart,which is no longer than a poppy seed,has begun beating

SECOND MONTH:
The embryo is about 1 inch long and has distinct,slightly webbed fingers.Veins are clearly visible.The heart has divided into right and left chambers.The brain begins to develop,Heart is functioning.

Eyes, nose, mouth and ears are formingBone and muscle begin to grow
Penis begins to appear in boys
Embryo is moving, although the mother can not yet feel movement



THIRD MONTH:
By now the fetus is 2 1/2to 3 inches long and is fully formed.He has begun swallowing and kicking.All organs and muscles have formed and are beginning to function

Weighs about ½ to 1 ounce Nails begin to develop; earlobes are formed; teeth develop Foetus develops recognizable form
Arms, hands, legs and feet are fully formed and movement is possible
Eyes are almost fully developed
By this stage, a foetus has developed most of its organs and tissues

Foetal heart rate can be heard at 10 weeks with a special instrument called a Doppler 


FOURTH MONTH:
Your baby is covered with a layer of thick, downy hair called lanugo.His heartbeat can be heard clearly.This is when you may feel your baby''s first kick.# Weighs about 6 to 7 ounces Foetus is developing reflexes such as sucking and swallowing and may begin sucking his/her thumbSweat glands are forming on palms and soles
Fingers and toes are well defined
Skin is bright pink, transparent and covered with soft, downy hair
Sex can be determined
The baby could not survive outside the mother's body despite being recognizably human in appearance 


FIFTH MONTH:
A protective coating called vernix caseosa begins to form on the baby''s skin.By the end of this month, your baby will be 8 to 10 inches long and will weigh almost a pound.
Weighs about 1 pound
Hair begins to grow on his/her head
Soft woolly hair called lanugo will cover its body (and some may remain until a week after birth)
Mother begins to feel foetal movement
Internal organs are maturing
Eyebrows, eyelids and eyelashes appear 

SIXTH MONTH:
Eyebrows and eyelids are visible.Your baby''s lungs are filled with amniotic fluid,and he has started breathing motions.If you talk or sing, he can hear you.

Weighs about 1¾ to 2 poundsEyelids begin to part and eyes open occasionally for brief timesSkin is covered with protective coating called vernix
Foetus is able to hiccup
Taste buds appear 


SEVENTH MONTH:
By the end of the seventh month, your baby weighs about 2 1/2 pounds and is about 15 inches long.His body is well-formed. Fingernails cover his fingertips.

Taste buds have developedFat layers are forming although skin is still wrinkled and red
Organs are maturing
If born now, the baby will be considered premature and will require special care 


EIGTH MONTH:

Your baby is gaining about half a pound per week,and layers of fat are piling on.He has probably turned head-down in preparation for birth.He weighs between 4 and 6 pounds. 

Foetus is 16½ to 18 inches long   There is rapid overall growth during this month
This month sees tremendous brain development
Most body organs are now developed apart from the lungs, and the kidneys are mature
Fingernails now extend beyond fingertips
Kicks are strong enough to be visible from outside
Skin is becoming smoother



NINTH MONTH:
Your baby is hefty 6 to 9 pounds and measures between 19 and 22 inches.As he grows you may feel him move around less.  Weighs about 7 to 7½ poundsThe lungs are mature
More fat is formed round the body
Baby is now fully developed and ready to survive outside the mother's body
Skin is pink and smooth
The baby settles down lower in the abdomen ready for birth and might seem less active

wish you a joyous and safe pregnancy!!!